谢邀！下面有翻译:)
How well a native speaker can spell based on pronunciation is related to many factors such as education and vocabulary size.
In English-speaking countries, children usually take spelling classes in elementary school so they can learn to associate certain sounds with how to spell them.The reason it is less challenging for native English speakers to spell accurately is that once they start learning to spell, they already know how to speak. It's like how Chinese children already know how to speak Chinese before they go to school to learn the characters.
I think the challenge for people using English as a foreign language is when two different spellings sound almost the same, such as the endings "-sion" and "-tion". And when the same spellings sound different like "lead" [li:d] and "lead" [led].
Similarly, as I learn Chinese, it is difficult for me to distinguish between "吃" and "车" so I rely on my Chinese-speaking friends to constantly correct me, so I can learn to hear the difference.
There aren't very many common English spelling rules. It will probably take only a few hours for a non-native English speaker to learn all the rules that majority of native English speakers would know. The challenge is not lack of familiarity with the spelling rules, but being able to pronounce and hear words accurately so that you can use the spelling rules correctly.
My suggestion is to really focus on accurate pronunciation first. You will find it much easier and less confusing to guess the spelling once you master the pronunciation.
I hope this is helpful.
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栗子的知乎答案索引：栗子树
栗子的微信公众号：E-Speller 或者 栗子英文 （只有精彩的原创）
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谢谢 @Leon Anderson 的翻译
一个英语母语者听音拼写单词的能力有多好，取决于许多因素，例如受教育程度、词汇量等。
在英语国家，小学课程里通常会设置拼写课，在拼写课上小学生们可以学到如何把特定的一些读音与单词拼写联系起来。之所以准确听音拼写单词对于英语母语者来说难度更小，是因为当他们开始学习拼写单词的时候，他们已经知道这个单词怎么说了。这就好像中国小孩在去学校里学习汉字之前，已经知道怎么说中文了。
我认为，非英语母语者使用英语的最大挑战，在于英语中会出现两个单词拼写方式不同但读音几乎相同的情况。例如以"-sion"和 "-tion"结尾的单词。同时，英语中也会出现两个单词拼写方式相同但读音不同的情况，例如"lead" [li:d] 和 "lead" [led].
同样地，在我学中文时，我也很难分清写法、意思不同但读音相近的“吃”和“车”。我只好依靠会说中文的朋友不断纠正我，才能学到如何通过字音区分这两个字。
英语拼写的法则并不太多，一个非英语母语者大概花上几个小时就能学会大部分英语母语者掌握的所有拼写法则。听音拼写单词的最大挑战并不在于不熟悉拼写法则，而在于掌握准确的单词发音并根据准确的发音把单词听准，只有这样你才能够正确运用拼写法则。
我给你的建议是先专注于准确的单词发音。当你很好地掌握了准确的英语发音，你会发现根据读音拼写单词并不难，并不混乱。
希望这能帮到您。
